In the realm of fluids, a captivating interplay exists between serene motion and the unpredictable forces of turbulence. When a liquid flows smoothly, it exhibits delicate patterns, reminiscent of a drifting river. Molecules travel in an orderly sequence, their interactions minor. This balanced state is known as equilibrium. But when external

Thomson's Plum Pudding model, while groundbreaking for its time, faced several challenges as scientists developed a deeper understanding of atomic structure. One major restriction was its inability to describe the results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment. The model predicted that alpha particles would pass through the plum pudding with minimal